圣训动画
困在山洞里的三个人
出处与可靠性: Sahih Muslim 2743aSahih (authentic)
- 辑录
- Sahih Muslim
- 传述
- Sahih Muslim 2743a书内编号: Book 49 (The Book of Heart-Melting Traditions), Hadith 13
- 评定
- Sahih (authentic)HadeethEnc, Al-Durar al-Saniyyah
译文:Qabas
在 sunnah.com 上打开一块巨石封住了洞口,把三位旅人困在里面,他们每人都以自己过去的一件真诚善行向安拉祈求。
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圣训原文
译文:Qabas · Sahih Muslim 2743a
经核实的英文译本
'Abdullah b. 'Umar reported that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said:Three persons set out on a journey. They were overtaken by rain and they had to find protection in a mountain cave where at its mouth there fell a rock of that mountain and thus blocked them altogether. One of them said to the others: Look to your good deeds that you performed for the sake of Allah and then supplicate Allah, the Exalted, that He might rescue you (from this trouble). One of them said: 0 Allah, I had my parents who were old and my wife and my small children also. I tended the flock and when I came back to them in the evening, I milked them (the sheep, goats, cows, etc.) and first served that milk to my parents. One day I was obliged to go out to a distant place in search of fodder and I could not come back before evening and found them (the parents) asleep. I milked the animals as I used to milk and brought milk to them and stood by their heads avoiding to disturb them from sleep and I did not deem it advisable to serve milk to my children before serving them. My children wept near my feet. I remained there in that very state and my parents too until it was morning. And (0 Allah) if Thou art aware that I did this in order to seek Thine pleasure, grant us riddance from this trouble. (The rock slipped a bit) that they could see the sky. The second one said: 0 Allah, I had a female cousin whom I loved more than the men love the women. I wanted to have sexual intercourse with her; she refused but on the condition of getting one hundred dinirs. It was with very great difficulty that I could collect one hundred dinirs and then paid them to her and when I was going to have a sexual intercourse with her, that she said: Servant of Allah, fear Allah and do not break the seal (of chastity) but by lawful means. I got up. 0 Allah, if Thou art aware that I did this in order to seek Thine pleasure, rid us from this trouble. The situation was somewhat eased for them. The third one said: Allah, I employed a workman for a measure of rice. After he had finished his work I gave him his dues (in the form of) a measure of rice, but he did not accept them. I used these rice as seeds, and that gave a bumper crop and I became rich enough to have cows and flocks (in my possession). He came to me and said: Fear Allah, and commit no crueltv upon me in regard to my dues. I said to him: Takeaway this flock of cows and sheep. He said: Fear Allah and do not make a fun of me. I said: I am not making a fun of you. You take the cows and the flocks. So he took them. 0 Allah, if Thou art aware that I did it for Thine pleasure, case the situation for us. And Allah relieved them from the rest of the trouble.
English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui, as published on Sunnah.com.
出处与可靠性
- 传述
- Sahih Muslim 2743a (书内编号: Book 49 (The Book of Heart-Melting Traditions), Hadith 13)
- 另见于
Sahih al-Bukhari 2272 (Book 37 (Hiring), Hadith 12)The same story from 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar, with some differences in wording: for example 120 dinars instead of 100, and the third man offering camels, cows, sheep and slaves.
- 评定
Sahih (authentic)
参考资料
- [1] Sahih Muslim 2743a, The Book of Heart-Melting Traditions, Sunnah.com (访问于 2026-10-15)Arabic text and English translation (Abdul Hamid Siddiqui).
- [2] Sahih al-Bukhari 2272, Hiring, Sunnah.com (访问于 2026-10-15)Arabic text and English translation (Dr. M. Muhsin Khan).
- [3] HadeethEnc, hadith 10417 (English), Encyclopedia of Translated Prophetic Hadiths (访问于 2026-10-15)Explanation and grading.
- [4] HadeethEnc, hadith 10417 (Arabic), benefits of the hadith, Encyclopedia of Translated Prophetic Hadiths (访问于 2026-10-15)Benefits translated from Arabic by Qabas Academy.
- [5] Al-Durar al-Saniyyah, explanation of Sahih al-Bukhari 2272, Al-Durar al-Saniyyah (访问于 2026-10-15)Arabic explanation, summarised and translated by Qabas Academy.
- [6] Riyad as-Salihin 12, Chapter: Sincerity (al-Nawawi), Sunnah.com (访问于 2026-10-15)
- [7] Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Fath al-Bari, vol. 6, pp. 585-590 (Book of the Prophets, chapter of the cave hadith, commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari 3465), Islamweb.net library (访问于 2026-10-16)Ibn Hajar gives his full commentary on this hadith here; at no. 2272 he refers to it. Arabic, summarised and translated by Qabas Academy.查阅的页面: pp. 585-590
- [8] Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Fath al-Bari, vol. 4, p. 526 (Book of Hiring, commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari 2272), Islamweb.net library (访问于 2026-10-16)Arabic, summarised and translated by Qabas Academy.查阅的页面: p. 526
- [9] Al-Nawawi, Sharh Sahih Muslim (al-Minhaj), vol. 17, pp. 214-217 (Book of Heart-Softening Reports, chapter: the story of the three men of the cave), Islamweb.net library (访问于 2026-10-16)Arabic, summarised and translated by Qabas Academy.查阅的页面: pp. 214-217
- [10] Muhammad ibn Salih al-Uthaymeen, Sharh Riyad as-Salihin, vol. 1, pp. 78-84 (Chapter of Sincerity, hadith 12), Al-Maktaba al-Shamila (shamela.ws), Dar al-Watan edition, Riyadh 1426 AH, page numbers as printed (访问于 2026-10-16)Read on Shamela because binothaimeen.net does not publish this text online: its reading library offers only the index of the volume (official PDF, 10 pages), whose page numbers match this edition. Arabic, summarised and translated by Qabas Academy.查阅的页面: p. 78, p. 79, p. 80, p. 81, p. 82, p. 83, p. 84
讲解
- 《杜拉尔·萨尼耶》在解释的开头就点明了核心思想:向安拉祈求,并借着善行与虔诚接近祂,是摆脱一切困境的途径。[5]
- 用来称呼这群人的词(拉赫特)指不到十人的一小群男子。据两部《圣训实录》记载,他们因为下雨而进入山洞,山上的一块岩石封住了洞口。[5][1]
- 第一个人不会在年迈的父母之前,把晚上的奶给自己的家人喝。《杜拉尔·萨尼耶》解释说,这表现出他孝敬父母之深:他的父母总是最先喝。当他发现父母已经睡着时,他宁可守到天亮,也不愿叫醒他们;在穆斯林的传述中,他年幼的孩子们在他脚边哭泣。岩石移开了一点,刚好让他们能看到天空。[5][1][3]
- 伊本·欧赛敏(第1卷,第79页)概括了三人的祈求:第一个人提到他对父母完全的孝敬,第二个人提到他完全的贞洁,第三个人提到他一丝不苟的诚实,以及他对他人利益的真诚关切。[10]
- 第二个人心爱的女子已在他的掌控之中,当她提醒他敬畏安拉时,他离开了她。《杜拉尔·萨尼耶》指出,他对她的爱使这桩罪更具诱惑,也正因如此,放弃它才显得分量如此之重。在布哈里的传述中,他还把给她的金子留给了她。[5][1][2]
- 第一个人为什么让孩子们哭?伊本·哈杰尔(第6卷,第589页)记述说,有人认为在他们的教法中,赡养父母优先;也可能孩子们要的超过了维持生活所需。他认为第二种解释更有可能。[7]
- 第三个人保管着一位雇工没有领走的工钱(在穆斯林的传述中是一份大米),并用它耕作,直到它变成了成群的牛和牧人,然后把这一切全部交还。《杜拉尔·萨尼耶》指出,他没有从中索取任何一份,连对自己辛劳的报酬也没有要。[1][5]
- 每个人在结尾都说了类似“如果你知道我这样做是为了寻求你的喜悦”这样的话(据西迪基的英译)。HadeethEnc 把虔诚列为摆脱艰难的原因之一,伊玛目奈瓦威则将这段圣训收录在《正义者园圃》的“虔诚”一章(第12段)。[1][4][6]
- 关于工钱:伊本·哈杰尔(第4卷,第526页)记述了穆海莱卜的说法:这个人只欠工钱本身;用它去经营并把所得的一切都交出来,是一份自愿的馈赠。奈瓦威(第17卷,第217页)的解释与此相似:雇工从未拿走那份大米,所以它仍是雇主的财产,他后来交出的东西是双方都接受的馈赠。[8][9]
- 伊本·欧赛敏(第1卷,第81页)指出,安拉本可以在第一次祈求时就移开岩石,却让它留在原处,好让每个人都能完成自己的祈求;这是祂大能的迹象之一。[10]
- 伊本·哈杰尔(第6卷,第585页)就“如果你知道”(据西迪基的英译)这句话提出了一个问题:信士确知安拉是知道的。他的回答是,每个人都不确定自己的善行在安拉那里是否算数,仿佛在说:如果我的善行被接受了,就请应答我的祈祷。伊本·欧赛敏(第1卷,第80页)对这句话的解释相同,意思是:如果我做这件事是真诚的。这说明一件善行能否被接受,在多大程度上取决于虔诚。[7][10][1]
- 伊本·哈杰尔(第6卷,第589页)引用了苏卜基的话:三人中没有一个人肯定地声称自己的善行是真诚的,尽管那是他最好的善行;每个人都把它交托给了安拉。所以一个人应当认为自己是有欠缺的,凭借善行祈求时,只应怀着得到应答的希望,又惧怕被拒绝。伊本·哈杰尔补充说,穆希布·泰伯里最先提出了这一点:他们并没有把自己的善行当作一种应得的权利来祈求,而是祈求安拉:如果他们的善行是真诚的、被接受的,就以解脱作为回报。[7]
教益与收获
- 在困境中向安拉祈求,并借着自己的善行接近祂,是值得提倡的。[4][5]
- 奈瓦威(第17卷,第215页)指出,在困境中、在求雨的祈祷中以及其他场合,借着自己的善行向安拉祈求是值得提倡的,因为这些人这样做了并得到了应答,而先知(愿主福安之)提到这件事是为了称赞他们。[9][7]
- 虔诚是摆脱艰难的原因。[4][5]
- 孝敬父母、侍奉父母,并把他们放在自己的子女和配偶之前,是一种美德。[4][5]
- 贞洁的美德:出于对安拉的警觉与敬畏,在有能力做禁止之事时克制自己。[4][5]
- 在有能力犯罪时保持贞洁,是最好的善行之一;伊本·欧赛敏(第1卷,第82-83页)说,这样的人可以希望自己成为那七种人之一:在除了安拉的荫庇之外再无荫庇的那一天,安拉将荫庇他们。[10]
- 履行托付、给予他人应得之物而不求任何回报,是一种美德;这也是对贪婪的警告。[4][5]
- 放弃一桩罪,会抹去人为它迈出的步伐;忏悔会抹去之前的过错。[7]
- 谁想做一件坏事,后来为了安拉而放弃了,这件事就会被记为他的一件善行。[4]
- 安拉听得见祈求:祂听见了这些人,并应答了他们。[4]
- 信守诺言、履行托付、在交往中慷慨大方,是一种美德。[9]
- 先知(愿主福安之)讲述前人民族的故事,是为了让听众效法其中好的,避开其中坏的。[7]
- 沽名钓誉就像泡沫,转瞬即逝,对谁都没有益处;每一项功修都应只为安拉而做,这样才会被接受。[10]
思考题
这些问题由 Qabas Academy 撰写,帮助你思考。它们不是圣训或其注释的一部分。
- 如果今晚你被困住了,你敢提起自己的哪一件善行?
- 第二个人在最后一刻停了下来。当诱惑最强烈的时候,是什么能帮助一个人停下来?
- 第三个人在没人要求的情况下,让一个陌生人的工钱不断增长。此刻,有谁的权利掌握在你的手中?
- 你认为,为什么每个人都说“如果”他是为了安拉而做的,而不是直接这样声称?
感悟卡片
一张卡片,载有本集的一条感悟及其出处,方便分享。